TNL — Typed Natural Language

AI coding agents make design decisions silently, drift from what was planned, and lose context at session end. TNL (Typed Natural Language) is the fix: a per-feature English contract with a fixed schema — proposed by the agent, approved by you, implemented against, saved on disk, and read by every future session. If you've used plan mode in Claude Code, this is the same discipline made compact, persistent, and machine-checkable.

The schema

The schema is seven fields:

• id / title — what this feature is
• scope — feature or repo-wide
• paths — which files the change is allowed to touch
• surfaces — named external surfaces (CLI commands, routes, MCP tools)
• behaviors — numbered MUST / SHOULD / MAY clauses; the contract proper
• non-goals — what's explicitly out of scope
• rationale — the why, for future readers

You approve this once, before any code runs. The agent implements against each MUST clause and self-attests at the end — for every MUST, naming the file or test that satisfies it.

No new tool, no new agent, no new workflow. TNL slots into whatever agent you already use. Claude Code, Codex, Gemini, and Cursor get first-class tnl init with stanza + hooks + MCP. Any agent that reads a Markdown instruction file adopts with a two-step manual copy — the minimum product is a stanza in your instruction file plus a tnl/ directory. tnl verify, the PreToolUse hook that re-surfaces the contract mid-edit, and the MCP server are optional layers on top.

A TNL file looks like this

id: user-rate-limiter
title: Per-user API rate limiter
scope: feature
owners: [@jana]
paths: [src/middleware/rate-limit.ts]
surfaces: [POST /api/*]

intent:
  Cap requests per user at 60/min; exceeding users get 429 with
  Retry-After. Prevents abuse on the public write endpoints.

behaviors:
  - The middleware MUST track request counts per user in a sliding window of 60 seconds.
  - When a user exceeds 60 requests in the window, the middleware MUST return HTTP 429.
  - [test: tests/rate_limit.test.ts::returns_429_on_exceeded] The 429 response MUST include a `Retry-After` header.
  - [semantic] The middleware SHOULD log the user ID and request path on every 429, without leaking the request body.

non-goals:
  - Per-IP rate limiting — authenticated surface only.
  - Distributed rate state — in-memory per instance for now.

Three zones: machine (id, paths, surfaces), contract (behaviors with RFC 2119 keywords and [semantic] / [test: …] prefixes), human (intent, non-goals, rationale).

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The workflow

Every feature request — new or modification — runs through 7 steps:

1. Scope — agent scans tnl/ for files whose paths: overlap the request. If one exists, the output is an edit; if not, a new TNL.
2. Clarify — ambiguous request? Agent asks questions before proposing anything.
3. Propose — agent outputs the full TNL content inline in chat. Nothing on disk yet.
4. Wait for approval — you review, push back, approve. Nothing is written until you say go.
5. Save — agent writes the approved TNL to tnl/<slug>.tnl.
6. Implement — agent writes code + tests against the contract. paths: bounds the change.
7. Self-attest — agent lists every MUST clause and where it was satisfied. Silent omission counts as a miss.

For follow-up work, step 1 returns "edit the existing TNL" — and the next session reads the already-approved contract as context, rather than rediscovering design decisions from the code.

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What you get over plan mode

• Structure. Seven fixed fields. Reviewers scan the same things every time. Agents produce the same shape every session.
• Persistence. Plan mode's output is a chat message — gone when the session ends. A TNL is a file on disk alongside your code. The next session reads the contract instead of re-analysing source.
• Enforcement. Every MUST clause maps to a file or test at self-attestation time. tnl verify checks paths exist and test bindings resolve. The PreToolUse hook re-injects the contract on every Edit/Write so the agent can't drift silently.
• Incremental adoption. No bulk migration. Your next feature gets a TNL; the rest of the repo stays as-is. The knowledge base accumulates as the work accumulates.

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Does it actually work?

We ran a controlled A/B. Baseline condition: four working principles — think before coding, simplicity first, surgical edits, goal-driven — written as prose in the project's CLAUDE.md / AGENTS.md. TNL condition: the same four plus two more (match existing conventions; exhaustive end-of-task self-attestation) encoded as tnl/workflow.tnl, plus a per-feature TNL. Same agent, same project context; only the contract step differs.

Headline task: add event-driven triggers to a 16KLOC Python codebase. 35 behavioural scenarios covering config, cycle prevention, cron coexistence, CLI surfaces.

Agent	Run	TNL	Baseline	Gap
Claude Code Opus 4.7	1	35/35	29/35	+6
Claude Code Opus 4.7	2	31/35	27/35	+4
Claude Code Opus 4.7	3	30/35	25/35	+5
Codex GPT-5.4 high	1	32/35	26/35	+6
Codex GPT-5.4 high	2	31/35	26/35	+5
Codex GPT-5.5	1	32/35	29/35	+3
Codex GPT-5.5	2	— ¹	30/35	—

¹ Second GPT-5.5 baseline has no paired TNL run; averaged baseline across the two GPT-5.5 runs is 29.5/35.

TNL was ahead of baseline in every paired cell across models. Gap ranges +3 to +6 scenarios.

Model scaling. The gap narrows as the underlying agent gets stronger: baseline on the same task jumped from 26/35 (Codex GPT-5.4, avg of 2 runs) to 29.5/35 (Codex GPT-5.5, avg of 2 runs) with no change to the codebase or prompt. The contract step still helps, but it helps less when the agent already writes disciplined code on its own.

Other signals:

• Contracts retained. TNL runs encoded 15–38 explicit MUST clauses in the per-feature TNL before any code was written. Baseline produced 0 by construction — there's no contract step. On the cross-session retention question ("did the next session re-use the contract or re-read code?"), the TNL agent opened and edited the existing TNL on every follow-up task we measured; baseline re-read source.
• Follow-up work reused the contract. On round-2 tasks in the same worktrees, TNL agents edited the existing TNL file rather than creating a new one (4/4 samples). The baseline agent had to re-read the code each time.

Caveats up front. Small sample (2–3 per cell), LLM sessions are noisy, and we built the tool. Every script, prompt, raw JSON, and session transcript is committed so you can rerun anything.

Full eval report →

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Built with TNL

We built this tool using its own workflow — the minimal form (CLAUDE.md stanza + tnl/, no hooks or MCP). The baseline rules live in tnl/workflow.tnl and every feature has its own TNL in tnl/. In practice: faster turnaround, few rework cycles, each next change edits the spec instead of re-analysing code. One project's worth of evidence, but the meta-test isn't nothing.

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What TNL builds on

Two of Andrej Karpathy's observations framed the problem we're solving:

• "Agents make wrong assumptions silently" — coding agents don't manage confusion, don't seek clarification, don't surface tradeoffs. Prompting norms help but they're vibes, not gates.
• "The LLM is the programmer, the wiki is the codebase" — structured Markdown the model can reason over directly beats fuzzy RAG for mid-sized bodies of knowledge.

TNL is our answer: a concrete contract format with a fixed schema, a review workflow, and enforcement plumbing that turns both observations into a daily practice.

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Install

# One-off, no install
npx -y typed-nl <command>

# Or install globally
npm install -g typed-nl
tnl <command>

Requires Node 20 or later.

Other agents (manual install)

If your agent reads a markdown instruction file but isn't in tnl init's native list, the minimum adoption is two copies:

1. Copy tnl/workflow.tnl from this repo into tnl/workflow.tnl in your project.
2. Paste the TNL workflow stanza (the block under <!-- tnl:workflow-stanza --> that tnl init --agent claude would emit into CLAUDE.md) into your agent's instruction file.

That's it — the workflow fires from the stanza, contracts live in tnl/. The hook, MCP server, and CI action are all optional and agent-specific; they can be added later if your stack supports them.

Quickstart

1. Start minimal

Begin with just the baseline TNL scaffold — no MCP, no hooks, no CI. The agent follows the workflow from the appended CLAUDE.md stanza alone.

cd /path/to/your/repo
npx -y typed-nl init --agent claude --minimal

This writes only:

• tnl/ — where your TNL contracts will live
• tnl/workflow.tnl — baseline session principles
• CLAUDE.md — TNL workflow stanza appended (or file created if missing)

For Codex: --agent codex (writes AGENTS.md). For Gemini: --agent gemini (writes GEMINI.md). For Cursor: --agent cursor (writes AGENTS.md + .cursor/mcp.json).

2. Author your first TNL

Start a Claude Code (or Codex / Gemini / Cursor) session and ask for any feature. The agent, guided by the workflow stanza, will:

1. Scope the request — check for existing TNLs that cover it.
2. Clarify ambiguous requirements by asking questions.
3. Propose a TNL inline in chat as a fenced code block.
4. Wait for your approval — nothing is written to disk yet.
5. Save the approved TNL to tnl/<slug>.tnl.
6. Implement against the approved TNL (modifying only files listed in paths:).
7. Self-attest — list each MUST clause and where it was satisfied.

3. Verify

npx -y typed-nl verify

Runs tier 1 (paths and dependencies exist) and tier 2 (test-binding integrity — each [test:] annotation names a test that still exists). Exits 2 on any failure; CI uses this gate.

4. Add capabilities as you need them

You can always re-run tnl init to layer on more. Each step is independent and safe to re-run (idempotent):

# Full install: MCP server + PreToolUse hook + CI workflow
npx -y typed-nl init --agent claude

# Everything except CI
npx -y typed-nl init --agent claude --no-ci

# Everything except the PreToolUse hook
npx -y typed-nl init --agent claude --no-hook

# Claude only: add the /tnl-feature slash command
npx -y typed-nl init --agent claude --with-skill

What each capability gives you:

Capability	Added by default (omit --minimal)	What it does
MCP server	yes	Registers tnl in .mcp.json / .codex/config.toml / .gemini/settings.json / .cursor/mcp.json. Agent gains 6 tools: retrieve, propose, approve, verify, impacted, trace.
PreToolUse hook	yes (Claude)	.claude/settings.json hook auto-injects impacted TNLs as context on every Edit / Write.
CI workflow	yes	.github/workflows/tnl-verify.yml runs tnl verify on push + PR.
/tnl-feature skill	no (opt-in via --with-skill)	Claude Code slash command for explicit invocation.

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Commands

tnl init [flags]          # scaffold TNL in a project
tnl verify [paths...]     # check structural + test-binding integrity
tnl resolve [id...]       # regenerate sidecar meta (hashes, classification)
tnl impacted <paths...>   # list TNLs whose paths: overlap with given code paths
tnl diff <file>           # show clause-level diff of a TNL vs HEAD
tnl test-plan <id>        # list test-backed clauses for a unit

tnl init flags

Flag	Default	Behavior
--agent claude|codex|gemini|cursor	auto-detect	Target one agent; overrides detection
--minimal	off	Scaffold only tnl/ + instruction-file stanza; skip everything below
--no-ci	off	Skip .github/workflows/tnl-verify.yml
--no-mcp	off	Skip MCP server registration
--no-hook	off	Skip Claude PreToolUse hook
--with-skill	off	(Claude only) Install /tnl-feature slash command
--local-install	off	(Dev-only) Rewrite configs to absolute local node dist/... paths

Without --agent, init auto-detects targets (.claude/ → Claude; AGENTS.md → Codex; GEMINI.md → Gemini; .cursor/ → Cursor). Re-running tnl init is safe — existing files are detected and upgraded when the bundled template evolves.

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MCP integration

tnl init auto-registers the TNL MCP server with supported agents. Once registered, the agent gains six tools:

Tool	Purpose
get_impacted_tnls	Return TNLs whose paths: overlap with given code paths
retrieve_tnl	Return the verbatim contents of one or more TNLs by id
propose_tnl_diff	Validate and stage a batch of create/update diffs
approve_tnl_diff	Commit a staged diff to disk, regenerate sidecars
verify	Run the verifier over given paths, return structured JSON
trace	Record / retrieve session-scoped agent-initiated events

Running MCP manually:

npx -y -p typed-nl tnl-mcp-server   # stdio JSON-RPC server

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TNL file format

Machine zone fields (see tnl/workflow.tnl for a working example):

Field	Required	Notes
id	yes	Kebab-case slug matching the filename
title	yes	Short human label
scope	yes	repo-wide or feature
owners	yes	List of @handles
paths	scope=feature only	Files this TNL governs
surfaces	optional	Named external surfaces (CLI commands, routes, tools)
dependencies	optional	Other TNL ids this couples with
intent	yes	One-paragraph plain English
behaviors	yes	Numbered clauses using MUST / SHOULD / MAY
non-goals	yes	Explicit scope fences
rationale	optional	Tradeoffs, gotchas, why-behind-choices

RFC 2119 keywords:

• MUST / MUST NOT — hard requirement
• SHOULD / SHOULD NOT — strong preference
• MAY — permission

Clause prefixes:

• [semantic] — judgment needed to verify (not structural)
• [test: <file>::<name>] — binds the clause to a named test; tnl verify checks the test still exists

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Development

git clone https://github.com/janaraj/tnl.git
cd tnl
npm install
npm run build
npm test           # parser, resolver, verifier, CLI, MCP suites
npm run typecheck

Every new feature follows the TNL workflow this tool enforces. See CLAUDE.md for session guidance and tnl/ for the contracts governing this repository's own development.

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License

MIT. See LICENSE.