Historical geography for AI agents: polities, GeoJSON borders, chains & events, 4500 BCE-today
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The structured historical geographic database built for AI agents.
Query any empire, kingdom, or territory from 4500 BCE to 2024 β with coordinates,
boundaries, confidence scores, and 2,000+ academic sources.
β
Free Β· No API key Β· No registration Β· Apache 2.0 Β· CORS-enabled
curl https://atlaspi.it/v1/snapshot/year/1250
Live: atlaspi.it Β· API Docs Β· Map App Β· MCP Server
AI agents working with historical geography today face a fragmented landscape: raw shapefiles in Natural Earth, unstructured text in Wikipedia, scattered coordinates in Wikidata, and academic datasets locked behind incompatible formats. None of these were designed for machine consumption.
AtlasPI bridges this gap. It provides a single, structured REST API where an AI agent can ask "What territories existed in the Balkans in 1400?" or "Show me the boundary changes of the Ottoman Empire" and get back clean JSON with GeoJSON boundaries, confidence scores, academic citations, and honest metadata about what is certain and what is disputed.
Historical data is never neutral. Borders were drawn through conquest, names were imposed through colonization, populations were erased through genocide. AtlasPI does not sanitize this complexity -- it structures it, documents it, and makes it queryable.

The web UI supports keyboard shortcuts, deep linking (/app?year=1000), continent filtering, time playback animation, dark/light mode, and full i18n (English/Italian). Try it live at atlaspi.it.
The API is now live at http://localhost:10100 and the interactive docs at http://localhost:10100/docs.
AtlasPI exposes 23 REST endpoints under /v1/. Full interactive documentation is available at /docs (Swagger UI) and /redoc when the server is running.
| Method | Endpoint | Description |
|---|---|---|
GET | /v1/entity | Query entities with filters (name, year, status, type) |
GET | /v1/entities | Paginated list of all entities |
GET | /v1/entities/{id} | Full detail for a single entity |
GET | /v1/search?q= | Autocomplete search |
GET | /v1/types | List available entity types |
GET | /v1/stats | Dataset statistics |
GET | /v1/continents | Available continent/region filters |
GET | /v1/random | Random entity (with optional type/year/status/continent filters) |
GET | /v1/aggregation | Aggregate stats by century, type, continent, status |
GET | /v1/nearby?lat=&lon= | Find entities near coordinates (with distance) |
GET | /v1/snapshot/{year} | World state at a given year (summary + entities) |
GET | /v1/compare/{id1}/{id2} | Structured comparison of two entities |
GET | /v1/compare?ids=1,2,3 | Multi-entity comparison (2-4) with events, chains, overlap |
GET | /v1/entities/{id}/contemporaries | Entities with overlapping time periods |
GET | /v1/entities/{id}/related | Related entities by type or region |
GET | /v1/entities/{id}/evolution | Full chronological evolution of an entity |
GET | /v1/export/geojson | Export as GeoJSON FeatureCollection |
GET | /v1/export/csv | Export as CSV |
GET | /v1/export/timeline | Export timeline data |
GET | /health | Service health check |
GET | /embed | Embeddable map view for iframes |
GET | /compare | Interactive entity comparison page |
Search for empires active in 1500 CE:
Get full details for entity #12:
Find entities contemporary to the Roman Empire:
Export all entities as GeoJSON:
Find entities near Rome active in 100 CE:
Snapshot of the world in 1500 CE:
Compare two entities side by side:
How this data is curated β disclosure and correction (2026-07-23)
Curation of non-boundary records (entities, events, cities, rulers, routes, sites) is AI-assisted: LLM research agents propose metadata and candidate citations, an adversarial verification step rejects citations that do not exist or do not support the claim, and the maintainer supervises the pipeline. Records are not systematically reviewed by professional historians. Until the human citation audit (protocol) is published, treat citations as machine-verified, not human-audited. Earlier versions of this documentation said the dataset was "hand-curated" β that wording was inaccurate and has been retired. Full details: METHODOLOGY Β§2.4 Β· ETHICS-028 (EN).
1,006 historical entities + 643 historical events spanning 6,500 years of human civilization, backed by 5,000+ academic sources and documenting 2,000+ territory changes. Plus 1,249 archaeological sites, 105 historical rulers, 29 historical languages, 104 dynasty chains, 41 trade routes, 252 historical cities, and 55 historical periods. Events include battles, treaties, epidemics, genocides, colonial violence, massacres, deportations and natural disasters β with ETHICS-007 (no euphemisms) and ETHICS-008 (known_silence flag for erased/suppressed records).
| Region | Entities | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Asia | 195 | Mongol Empire, Qin/Han/Tang/Song/Ming, Tokugawa, Mughal, Khmer, Three Kingdoms |
| Europe | 104 | Roman Empire, Byzantine, Kyivan Rus', Hanseatic League, Crusader states, Prussia |
| Americas | 85 | Tawantinsuyu (Inca), Aztec, Maya, Haudenosaunee, Empire of Brazil, Taino |
| Africa | 78 | Mali, Songhai, Kingdom of Kongo, Great Zimbabwe, Aksum, Zulu, Buganda |
| Middle East | 70 | Achaemenid, Ottoman, Abbasid Caliphate, Rashidun, Kingdom of Jerusalem |
| Oceania & Pacific | 8 | Aboriginal nations, Maori iwi, Kingdom of Tonga, Hawaiian Kingdom |
15 categories: empire | kingdom | republic | confederation | city-state | dynasty | colony | disputed_territory | sultanate | khanate | principality | duchy | caliphate | federation | city
-753 = 753 BCE)If you use AtlasPI in research, teaching, or derivative datasets, please cite the project using the Zenodo concept DOI below. The concept DOI always resolves to the latest release β individual versions get their own per-release DOIs on top.
AtlasPI Project (2026). AtlasPI: A structured historical geographic database for AI agents, version 6.14.0. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19581784
Historical data carries the weight of conquest, displacement, and erasure. AtlasPI is built on four principles that govern every data decision:
Historical records include conquest, genocide, forced deportation, and cultural erasure. These facts are represented with precision, never sanitized. If a territory was seized by force, the acquisition_method field says so. If a population was decimated, the data shows it with sources. If a geographic name was imposed by erasing the original, both names are present.
Contested borders show all known versions, with dates and sources. Place names include the original local form alongside names in other relevant languages. Academic disputes are made explicit, not resolved by fiat. The database does not arbitrate history -- it documents it.
Every record carries a confidence_score from 0.0 to 1.0. Every data point includes sources[] with primary source citations. Records scoring below 0.5 are marked as status: "uncertain" (enforced at the data layer β see ETHICS-013; the distinct status: "disputed" is reserved for contested territories, ETHICS-003). An uncertain datum honestly labeled is more valuable than a fabricated certainty.
Place names use the local-language form as the primary name. Sources include non-Western historiography where available. Colonial conquests are documented from the perspective of the colonized, not only the colonizers.
These principles are enforced through automated ethical tests, documented decisions in
docs/ethics/, and# ETHICS:comments throughout the codebase. See CLAUDE.md for the full governance framework.
| Component | Technology |
|---|---|
| API | FastAPI (Python 3.11+) |
| Database (dev) | SQLite |
| Database (prod) | PostgreSQL + PostGIS |
| Validation | Pydantic v2 |
| Rate Limiting | SlowAPI |
| Frontend | Vanilla JS + Leaflet.js |
| Containerization | Docker (multi-stage build) |
| CI | GitHub Actions (lint + test + build) |
The test suite covers five dimensions:
| Category | What it verifies |
|---|---|
| Technical | API responses, pagination, input validation, edge cases |
| Ethical | ETHICS-001/002/003 compliance, disputed territory handling, confidence thresholds |
| Security | CORS, security headers, structured error responses, rate limiting |
| Performance | All endpoints respond in < 500ms |
| Data Quality | Source completeness, regional diversity, entity type coverage |
Contributions are welcome. Before you start:
docs/ethics/ -- understand the ethical decisions already made.docs/adr/ -- understand the architectural decisions already made.# ETHICS: comment explaining the design choice.sources[] with verifiable academic citations.confidence_score <= 0.7 and status: "disputed".Entity data lives in data/entities/ as JSON files. Each entity requires:
See ROADMAP.md for the full development plan. Key upcoming milestones:
If you use AtlasPI in academic work, teaching, or derivative datasets, please cite it. A machine-readable CITATION.cff is provided in the repository root and is recognized by GitHub, Zenodo, Zotero, and most reference managers.
Ramadani, C. (2026). AtlasPI: A structured historical geographic database for AI agents (Version 6.1.2) [Software]. CRA. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19581784
AtlasPI derives its geographic boundaries from two upstream datasets. If your work depends on spatial precision, please also cite them directly:
For full methodology on how boundaries are assigned, matched, and confidence-scored, see docs/METHODOLOGY.md.
The dataset has a permanent DOI minted by Zenodo: 10.5281/zenodo.19581784 (concept DOI, always resolves to the latest version). Every tagged release mints a new version DOI; see the Zenodo record for v6.1.2 specifically. Deposition metadata is in .zenodo.json.
AtlasPI follows an open core model.
The core project -- API, data models, ethical framework, and documentation -- is released under the Apache License 2.0.
Imported datasets retain their original licenses. Every source is tracked and attributed. Premium components (hosted services, curated datasets, enterprise features) are maintained separately from the open source core.
See LICENSE for the full Apache License 2.0 text and NOTICE for third-party attributions.
AtlasPI builds on the work of:
And the countless historians, cartographers, and researchers whose work makes structured historical geography possible.
Built with the conviction that historical truth, including its uncomfortable parts, should be structured, accessible, and machine-readable.
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